Childhood Immunization in Delhi, India

Childhood immunisations are a series of vaccines given to children from infancy to early adolescence to protect them against serious and potentially life-threatening illnesses. immunisations are some of the most effective public health interventions, preventing millions of deaths each year worldwide. Childhood immunisations protect against infectious diseases that can have serious consequences, including disability and death. Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight certain pathogens, like bacteria or viruses. By vaccinating children, we not only protect them but also prevent the spread of infectious diseases within communities and populations.

Types of Vaccines Given

Childhood immunisations include vaccines for several infectious diseases, including measles, mumps, rubella, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, whooping cough (pertussis), chickenpox, influenza and hepatitis B. In recent years, additional vaccines have been added to the recommended schedule, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and the meningococcal vaccine. Some vaccines need multiple doses to provide optimal protection and booster doses may be recommended for adolescents or adults.

Potential Risks and Benefits

The benefits of childhood immunisations far outweigh the risks. Serious side effects from vaccines are rare, and most side effects are mild, such as fever or soreness at the injection site. The risks of not vaccinating children can include severe illness, disability, or death from vaccine-preventable diseases. It's important to discuss any concerns with a healthcare provider and obtain accurate information from credible sources, such as the CDC, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Indian Academy of Pediatrics.

Preparation

Preparing for childhood immunisation can help make the experience less stressful for both the child and the parent or caregiver. Some tips are:

• Before the immunisation appointment, it's a good idea to talk to the healthcare provider about the vaccines that will be given, their benefits, and any potential side effects. This can help address any concerns and provide accurate information to the parent or caregiver.
•  If the child is sick, has a fever, or has had an allergic reaction to a vaccine in the past, it's important to let the healthcare provider know before the immunisation appointment. In some cases, doctors may recommend postponing the vaccines.
• Bring comfort items, like a favourite toy or blanket, to help soothe the child during the appointment. It can also be helpful to bring a distraction, such as a book or a game, to keep the child occupied.
• Dress appropriately: Dress the child in comfortable clothing that allows access to the upper arm or thigh, where most vaccines are given. This can help make the appointment more efficient and less stressful for the child.
• Plan for after the appointment: It's common for children to experience mild side effects after immunisation, like fever or soreness at the injection site. Have some over-the-counter pain relievers on hand in case they are needed. It's also a good idea to plan some quiet and relaxing activities for after the appointment to help the child rest.

Recovery

Recovery from childhood immunisation is generally quick and easy. Some tips to help the child recover after receiving vaccines are:

• If the child has any swelling or redness at the injection site, a cool, damp cloth can help soothe the area. Do not use ice, as it may damage the skin.
• Drinking fluids like water, juice, or milk can help prevent dehydration and can also help the body flush out any toxins that may be released after immunisation.
• Offer the child a favourite toy or blanket, and provide plenty of cuddles and reassurance. This can help the child feel more comfortable and secure after the immunisation.
• If the child is experiencing any pain or discomfort after the immunisation, over-the-counter pain relievers  can help provide relief. Follow the dosage instructions carefully and check with a healthcare provider before giving any medication to a child.

Although serious side effects from vaccines are rare, it's important to monitor the child for any signs of an adverse reaction. These may include fever, rash, or difficulty breathing. If any concerning symptoms occur, contact a healthcare provider right away.

In general, most children recover quickly after immunisation and are back to their normal activities within a day or two. 

If the child continues to experience pain or discomfort, or if there are any concerns about their recovery, contact a healthcare provider for further guidance.

FAQs

Q1 What are the major childhood immunisations?

Major childhood immunisations include vaccines for diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), hepatitis B, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and pneumococcal disease.

Q2 How many vaccinations does a child get?

The number of vaccinations a child receives varies depending on the country's vaccination schedule and the child's age.

Q3 What is the difference between an immunisation and a vaccine?

Immunisation is the process of becoming immune to a disease through vaccination or exposure to the disease. A vaccine is a substance that stimulates the immune system to create immunity to a disease.

Q4 How many injections is the preschool booster?

The preschool booster, also known as the 4-in-1 vaccine, is given as a single injection and protects against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (whooping cough), and polio.

Q5 What are the two major types of immunisation?

The two major types of immunisation are active and passive immunisation. Active immunisation involves giving a vaccine to stimulate the body's immune system to produce immunity to a disease. Passive immunisation involves giving pre-formed antibodies to provide immediate protection against a disease.

Q6 What are the most important vaccines?

The most important vaccines, according to the World Health Organization, are BCG, Diptheria, polio, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, influenza, human papillomavirus (HPV), measles, meningococcal disease, pneumococcal disease, rotavirus, rubella, tetanus, and yellow fever.

Q7 How many vaccines does a one-year-old get?

In India, the immunisation schedule for one-year-old children includes vaccination against BCG, Diptheria, Pneumococcal, Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), Hepatitis A, Typhoid and influenza. Parents must consult their child's healthcare provider to determine the appropriate schedule for their child.

Review

Reviewed by Dr PS Narang, Director - Paediatrics (Ped), Paediatric (Ped) Gastroenterology on 29 May 2024.